MHRA Footnotes referencing

Adding a footnote

Each time you introduce an idea, thought or theory in your work that belongs to another person, a footnote number must be added. The general rules for an in-text citation using MHRA Footnote Style are:

• Footnotes are numbered sequentially throughout the text and must be written in superscript, e.g. ¹
• The footnote number preferably should be placed at the end of a sentence, e.g. the end of a sentence. ²
• The footnote should appear at the bottom of the page of text in which the footnote number appears.
• All footnotes should start with a capital letter and end with a full stop even if they do not make a full sentence.
• The first time you cite a reference in your footnotes, you must provide full bibliographic details for that reference.
• After the first time you cite an item, you may refer to the work using just enough information to locate the reference, e.g.

³ Katherine Shonfield, Walls Have Feelings – Architecture, Film and the City (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 3.

⁴ Shonfield, Walls Have Feelings, p.3.

• The terms ‘loc. cit.’ and ‘op. cit.’ should be avoided as they are too vague to use in this referencing style.
• If two consecutive footnotes refer to the same work, instead of writing the same details again you can use ‘Ibid.’ which means ‘in the same place’. The page numbers of the reference must follow this. This should be used sparingly to avoid any possible confusion with another reference.
• Simple references, such as line numbers to a book already cited in full, can usually be incorporated in the text, normally in parentheses after quotations.

General rules for the footnote reference

• The author of an item may be a corporate author.
• The names of up to three authors should be given in full; for works with more than three authors, only the first name should be given, followed by ‘and others’.
• Wherever possible, the details of the reference should be taken from the title page of the publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.
• You should capitalise each significant word of the title and subtitle even if they are not capitalised in the source material.
• The first word after a colon should be capitalised.
• Any detail of publication that is not included in the book, but can be determined, should be included in square brackets, e.g. [London]. For details that are not certain, include a question mark in the square brackets, e.g. [London?].
• If any detail of publication cannot be found then the following abbreviations should be used:
• No place of publication [n.p.]
• No publisher [n. pub.]
• No date [n.d.]
• If the date is an approximate date, circa should be used. It should be abbreviated to c., e.g. c. 1496.
• Two letter abbreviations of US states should only be used to avoid confusion with another place, e.g. Cambridge MA would show that it is Cambridge in Massachusetts rather than Cambridge in the UK. If the name of the US state appears in the name of the publisher then omit the state abbreviation.
• If the item is a reprint, you will need to acknowledge this in the publication details. This can be done in two ways:
• If the reprint is by the same publisher: (Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication; repr. Year of reprint).
• If the item is reprinted by a different publisher: Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication; repr. Place of publication for reprint: Publisher of reprint, Year of reprint).
• Page numbers should be preceded with p. for example, p. 12 if you are referring to a single page. You should use pp. for a page range or a selection of pages, e.g. pp. 10-14 or pp. 1, 10, 13
• When a page range falls within the same hundred, you should write the page range as follows: pp. 101-23, or pp. 101-09.
• When a page range falls within the thousands and the last three numbers are not within the same hundred, you should write the page range as follows: pp. 1225-1301.
• When a page range falls within the thousands and the last three numbers are within the same hundred, you should write the page range as follows: pp. 1061-92.
• The titles of works of literature occurring within the titles of an item should be italicised or placed within quotation marks - whichever is deemed most suitable, even if it is not expressed as such on the item.
• If quotation marks are used within the title of an item already enclosed in quotation marks (i.e. for a chapter of a book, journal article etc.), they should be enclosed in double quotation marks, as single quotation marks should have been used to enclose the title itself.
• If a particular page within a chapter or article is to be indicated, a full page span should still be given in the first full citation and a reference to the particular page should be added in rounded brackets, e.g. pp. 31-35 (p. 32).
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.

Quoting

A quotation is where you use the exact words of the original author. Try not to over rely on quotations, as this may show a lack of understanding of the subject area being studied.

The use of quotations varies considerably from discipline to discipline. If in doubt, check with your tutor or in your course handbook for further guidance.

Short Quotations

Short quotations of up to 40 words in length or two lines of verse should be included in the body of the text enclosed in single quotation marks, e.g.

Barton states that the play As You Like It is ‘the fullest and most stable realization of Shakespearean comic form.’¹ This can be considered as...

General Rules for Short Quotations

• If the quotation is at the end of a sentence, the full stop should fall outside the quotation mark. This applies if the quote is integrated within the sentence and is not preceded by any punctuation, e.g.

  Barton states that the play As You Like It is ‘the fullest and most stable realization of Shakespearean comic form’.¹ This can be considered as...



• If the quotation is preceded by punctuation and forms a full sentence the full stop should be included before the quotation mark. Note the comma before the quote below, this means that the full stop will fall within the quotation mark, e.g.

  There is still a labelling issue when it comes to flavourings in food, ‘flavours such as vanillin, which occur naturally in food are called "nature identical", the label does not have to state where it comes from.’²

• You should use double quotation marks to identify a quotation that falls within a quotation, e.g. 'Original quote "Quote within quote" original quote'.

Long Quotations

Long quotations are classed as a quote that is over 40 words or two lines of verse. This should be presented on a separate paragraph, which is indented from the body of the text, and is not enclosed in quotation marks

Phillips and Havely argue that:

Chaucer's own judiciousness about when and where and how densely to place words of French and Latin origins - many of which still had a more learned or exotic air than modern readers immediately realize - amid familiar words is unrivalled among English poets. He can create a courtly French or Ovidian Latin manner in English without simply piling up French or Latin words.³

This can be taken to mean...

General Rules for Long Quotations

• Long quotations should end with a full stop even if the original does not. However, if there is a question mark or an exclamation mark then this should be used instead.

Quoting literature

When quoting from literature such as a play or poem, the original spelling and punctuation should be preserved wherever possible. Quotations and lines of verse should, in a short quote, be separated by a spaced upright stroke, e.g.

Tennyson wrote: ‘"The fault was mine, the fault was mine" | Why am I sitting here so stunned and still.’⁴

In a long quotation, which is indented in a separate paragraph and not enclosed in quotation marks, the lines of a verse should be reproduced with exact lineage of the original, e.g.

In his poem Maud, Tennyson wrote the following passage:

‘The fault was mine’ –
Why am I sitting here so stunned and still,
Plucking the harmless wild-flower on the hill? –
It is this guilty hand?  –
And there rises ever a passionate cry
From underneath in the darkening land –
What it is, that has been done.
      (Maud, II, 1-7)

Prose quotations from plays should follow the name of the speaker, which should be in small capitals. Stage directions should be italicised and separated from speech by a space. When stage direction occurs within speech, they should be enclosed in parentheses, e.g.

Beckett makes good use of stage direction, as exemplified by the following passage:

She raises her head, gazes front. Long pause. She straightens up, lays her hands flat on the ground, throws her head back and gazes at zenith. Long pause

WINNIE (gazing at zenith) Another heavenly day. (Pause. Head back level, eyes front, pause...)⁵

Verse quotations from plays are normally centred with the speakers name aligned on the left of the page, e.g.

Quoting in other languages

Quotations in languages which are not English should be quoted in the same way as a quote in English, this means using standard quotation marks for MHRA footnote style, e.g. ‘Quote’ rather than «Quote» or „Quote“

When quoting a piece of text over 40 words it is advisable to use a long dash, known as an em dash (—), to introduce the quote in, for example, French or Russian.

Quoting historical works

Quotations should always be the same as the piece of information you are referring to. However, when referring to early historical works there are some exceptions.

The forms of the letters i and j, u and v, the long s (ſ), the ampersand (&), the Tironian sign (⁊), the tilde, the superior (superscript) letters in contractions, and other abbreviations are normalised into modern use unless there is a specific reason to keep them, e.g. in full bibliographic descriptions

For more information, see section 2.4 in The MHRA Style Guide.

Omissions

If part of the quotation is omitted then this should be indicated using an ellipsis, e.g. [...]

It is not necessary to use an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a quotation as almost all quotes are taken from a larger context, and this fact will be presumed

¹ Anne Barton, ‘As You Like It and Twelfth Night: Shakespeare's "Sense of an Ending"’, in Essays, Mainly Shakespearean, ed. by Anne Barton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 91-112, (p. 98).

² Bee Wilson, Swindled: From Poison Sweets to Counterfeit Coffee – The Dark History of the Food Cheats (London: John Murray, 2009), (p.257)

³ Nicholas Rustom Havely and Helen Phillips, Chaucer's Dream Poetry (Harlow: Longman, 1997), p. 43.

⁴ Alfred Tennyson, 'Maud', in The Poems of Tennyson, ed. by Christopher Ricks, 2nd edn, 3 volumes (London: Longman, 1987), II, pp. 1-2.

⁵ Samuel Beckett, Happy Days (London: Faber and Faber, 1963), p. 9.

⁶ William Shakespeare, The Second Part of King Henry VI, ed. by Michael Hattaway (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), I. 4. pp. 14-20.

This is when you reference one author who is referring to the work of another, and the primary source is not available

Secondary referencing should be avoided if possible.

If you have only read the later publication, you are accepting someone else's opinion and interpretation of the author's original intention. You cannot have formed your own view or critically appraised whether the secondary author has adequately presented the original material.

You must make it clear to your reader which piece of information you have read whilst giving details of the original, e.g.

¹ Will K Kellogg ‘Eating Disorders in Literature’, Journal of Cereal Sciences, 5 (1980), p.4, cited in Will K. Kellogg, Cereal in Literature (Battle Creek: Toasted Cornflake Company, 1987), p.87.

In the bibliography, it would be cited as:

Kellogg, Will K., ‘Eating Disorders in Literature’, Journal of Cereal Sciences, 5 (1980), p.2-10, cited in Will K. Kellogg, Cereal in Literature (Battle Creek: Toasted Cornflake Company, 1987)

Try not to over-rely on quotations, as this may show your lack of understanding of the information. You should summarise the key points you wish to make in your assignment, in your own words.

The bibliography is given at the end of the assignment. This is a complete list of all the material consulted in writing your assignment, even if you have not cited them within it, with full bibliographic details.

It is presented in alphabetical order by surname of the first author listed on the reference. If there is more than one collaborator, the name of the first author is given in reverse in the bibliography, but do not reverse the order for collaborating authors, e.g.

Footnote

¹ Christian Ambrosi and Ariette Ambrosi, La France de 1870 à Nos Jours, 7th edn (Paris: Colin, 1997), p.54.

Bibliography

Ambrosi, Christian and Ariette Ambrosi, La France de 1870 à Nos Jours, 7th edn (Paris: Colin, 1997)

• If a list contains more than one work by the same author a 2 em dash (——) should be substituted for the name after the first appearance and they should be listed in alphabetical order of title, e.g.

Bryman, Alan, Research Methods and Organization Studies, (London: Routledge, 1995)

—— Social Research Methods, 5th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016)

• Any references in your bibliography where the text runs over two lines or more will need to be formatted with a hanging indent. This means that the first line is set against the margin and any subsequent lines are indented. For example:

  Thomas, Gabor, ‘The Prehistory of Medieval Farms and Villages: From Saxons to Scandinavians’, in Medieval Rural Settlement: Britain and Ireland, AD 800-1600 ed. by Neil Christie and Paul Stamper (Oxford: Windgather Press, 2012), pp. 43-62

• You do not put a full stop at the end of the reference in the bibliography.
• Anonymous works are listed under their title, you should ignore any initial definite or indefinite article when placing in alphabetical order.
• If you are including two or more items from an edited volume, they should each have their own entry in the bibliography.
• It is essential to maintain consistency of styling throughout a bibliography.
• The names of up to three authors should be given in full; for works with more than three authors, only the first name should be given, followed by ’and others‘.
• The author of an item may be a corporate author.
• Wherever possible, the details of the reference should be taken from the title page of the publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.
• You should capitalise each significant word of the title and subtitle even if they are not capitalised in the source material.
• The first word after a colon should be capitalised.
• Any detail of publication that is not included in the book, but can be determined, should be included in square brackets, e.g. [London]. For details that are not certain, include a question mark in the square brackets, e.g. [London?].
• If any detail of publication cannot be found then the following abbreviations should be used:
• No place of publication [n.p.]
• No publisher [n. pub.]
• No date [n.d.]
• If the date is an approximate date, circa should be used. It should be abbreviated to c., e.g. c. 1496.
• Two letter abbreviations of US states should only be used to avoid confusion with another place, e.g. Cambridge MA would show that it is Cambridge in Massachusetts rather than Cambridge in the UK. If the name of the US state appears in the name of the publisher then omit the state abbreviation.
• If the item is a reprint, you will need to acknowledge this in the publication details, this can be done in either of two ways:
• If the reprint is by the same publisher: (Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication; repr. Year of reprint)
• If the item is reprinted by a different publisher: Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication; repr. Place of publication for reprint: Publisher of reprint, Year of reprint)
• Page numbers should be preceded with p. for example, p. 12 if you are referring to a single page. You should use pp. for a page range or a selection of pages, e.g. pp. 10-14 or pp. 1, 10, 13
• When a page range falls within the same hundred, you should write the page range as follows: pp. 101-23, or pp. 101-09
• When a page range falls within the thousands, and the last three numbers are not within the same hundred you should write the page range as follows: pp. 1225-1301
• When a page range falls within the thousands, and the last three numbers are within the same hundred you should write the page range as follows: pp. 1061-92
• The titles of works of literature occurring within the titles of an item should be italicised or placed within quotation marks - whichever is deemed most suitable, even if it is not expressed as such on the item.
• If quotation marks are used within the title of an item already enclosed in quotation marks (i.e. for a chapter of a book, journal article etc.), they should be enclosed in double quotation marks, as single quotation marks should have been used to enclose the title itself.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.

Citing material from non-roman script, e.g. Cyrillic, East Asian languages

If you are citing materials from non-roman script you should transliterate the references to roman script. The main reasoning is that you need to alphabetise your bibliography/reference list, and would be unable to do so if they are in a different alphabet. If you are unsure of the correct transliteration, you may want to consult with an expert of the language or an international standard to check.

For footnotes, references in the reference list/bibliography

• The family name of the author should be written in full roman script. The initials of the author(s) should also be given in roman script.
• The title of the item (article/book/book chapter, etc.) should be given in roman script using the standard conventions for that language.
• The title should be translated into English and placed in square brackets immediately after the romanised title. The words in the square brackets should not use italics.
• The journal title, or title of a book (if it is an edited book), and publisher's name all need to be given in roman script, but do not need to be translated. If there is an official English translation then you may use it, especially in cases where it provides greater understanding of the subject or publication.

Example in the footnotes

¹ M. Terao, Denai kugi wa suterareru [The nail that does not stick up may be thrown away] (Tokyo: Fusosha, 1998).

Example in the bibliography

Terao, M. Denai kugi wa suterareru [The nail that does not stick up may be thrown away] (Tokyo: Fusosha, 1998)

Materials in roman script

If you are citing materials produced in a language other than English, but in roman script, you may need to place a translated title in square brackets after the original title, depending on who the intended audience for your work will be and the language the work is to be written in.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

¹ Karl Ashley Smith, Dickens and the Unreal City: Searching for Spiritual Significance in Nineteenth-Century London (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), p. 185.

² Derrick Chong, Arts Management, 2nd edn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), pp. 131-33.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Chong, Derrick, Arts Management, 2nd edn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010)

Smith, Karl Ashley, Dickens and the Unreal City: Searching for Spiritual Significance in Nineteenth-Century London (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)

Notes

• The author's name should be given as it appears on the title page.
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname and Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

Or

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Author Forename Surname and Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

³ Donald A. Hodges and David C. Sebald, Music in the Human Experience: An Introduction to Music Psychology (New York: Routledge, 2011), p.193.

⁴ John Glasson, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick, Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, 4th edn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), pp. 83, 85-87.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, and Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Or

Author Surname, Forename, Author Forename Surname and Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Glasson, John, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick, Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, 4th edn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012)

Hodges, Donald A. and David C. Sebald, Music in the Human Experience: An Introduction to Music Psychology, (New York: Routledge, 2011)

Notes

• The author's name should be given as it appears on the title page.
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• You should capitalise each significant word of the title and subtitle. The first word after a colon should be capitalised.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} First author Forename Surname and others, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

⁵ Wayne C. Booth and others, The Craft of Research, 4th edn (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2016), pp. 74-75.

⁶ Eberhard Schunck and others, Roof Construction Manual: Pitched Roofs, 4th edn (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail, 2002), pp. 264-70.

In the bibliography

First author Surname, Forename, and others, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Booth, Wayne C., and others, The Craft of Research, 4th edn (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2016)

Schunck, Eberhard, and others, Roof Construction Manual: Pitched Roofs, 4th edn (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail, 2003)

Notes

• The author's name should be given as it appears on the title page.
• The names of up to three authors should be given in full, for works by more than three authors the name of the first author should be given followed by ‘and others’.
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• You should capitalise each significant word of the title and subtitle. The first word after a colon should be capitalised.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Chapter author Forename Surname, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter (pages used).

⁷ Gabor Thomas, ‘The Prehistory of Medieval Farms and Villages: From Saxons to Scandinavians’, in Medieval Rural Settlement: Britain and Ireland, AD 800-1600 ed. by Neil Christie and Paul Stamper (Oxford: Windgather Press, 2012), pp. 43-62 (p. 45).

⁸ Robert L. Hutchings, ‘The United States, German Unification and European Integration’, in Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal, ed. by Frédéric Bozo and others (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 119-32.

In the bibliography

Chapter author Surname, Forename, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter

Thomas, Gabor, ‘The Prehistory of Medieval Farms and Villages: From Saxons to Scandinavians’, in Medieval Rural Settlement: Britain and Ireland, AD 800-1600 ed. by Neil Christie and Paul Stamper (Oxford: Windgather Press, 2012), pp. 43-62

Hutchings, Robert L., ‘The United States, German Unification and European Integration’, in Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal, ed. by Frédéric Bozo and others (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 119-32

Notes

• The author/editor's name should be given as it appears on the title page/contents page.
• The title of the book should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• The title of the chapter should be given as it appears on the contents page
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• You should capitalise each significant word of the title and subtitle. The first word after a colon should be capitalised.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).
• If a particular page within a chapter or article is to be indicated, a full page span should still be given in the first full citation and a reference to the particular page should be added in rounded brackets, e.g. pp. 31-35 (p. 32)

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

This guidance is for citing and referencing images and figures that you are referring to in your work. If you have inserted an image or figure into your work please see the "Guidance for taught course students inserting images and figures into university work."

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Artist/Creator Forename Surname, Details of image/figure following the format for the source where you viewed it

¹ Derek Bridges, Man Cat, digital photograph, Flickr, 22 December 2008 <https://www.flickr.com/photos/derek_b/3145058691/> [accessed 18 January 2018].

² Jean-Germain Drouais, Marius at Minturnae, 1786, oil on canvas, 271 × 365 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris.

³ Steven Keegan, Newby the Dog, 1991, raku fired earthenware <http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O155512/newby-the-dog-sculpture-keegan-steven/> [accessed 23 January 2018].

⁴ Jeanette Eileen Jones, 'Emigrants Sent by the American Colonization Society to Liberia, 1847-74’, table, in ‘"The Negro's Peculiar Work": Jim Crow and Black Discourses on US Empire, Race, and the African Question, 1877-1900’, Journal of American Studies, 52.2 (2018), 330-57 (p. 341) <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875817001931>.

⁵ Graham Sutherland, 1941, ‘Devastation 1941: City, Twisted Girders’, painting, in Reading the Ruins: Modernism, Bombsites and British Culture by Leo Mellor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 119. Proquest Ebook Central ebook.

In the bibliography

From an online collection/social media site, e.g. Flickr, Instagram, etc.

Artist/Creator Surname, Forename, Title of image/figure, description, Name of site, day month year of publication <URL> [Date accessed]

Bridges, Derek, Man Cat, digital photograph, Flickr, 22 December 2008 <https://www.flickr.com/photos/derek_b/3145058691/> [accessed 18 January 2008]

From a museum/gallery (either viewed in person or online)

Artist/Creator Surname, Forename, Title of image/figure, Year, description (include dimensions in cm if available), [If viewed in person] Holding institution, Location [If viewed online] <URL> [Date Accessed]

Drouais, Jean-Germain, Marius at Minturnae, 1786, oil on canvas, 271 × 365cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris

Keegan, Steven, Newby the Dog, 1991, raku fired earthenware, <http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O155512/newby-the-dog-sculpture-keegan-steven/> [accessed 23 January 2018]

From a journal

Artist/Creator Surname, Forename, ‘Title of image/figure’, description, ‘Title of journal article’ Author of journal article (if different to Artist/Creator) Forename Surname, Title of Journal, Volume.Issue, Page range of article (Page number of image/figure) [If online] <URL/DOI>

Jones, Jeanette Eileen, ‘Emigrants Sent by the American Colonization Society to Liberia, 1847-74’, table, in ‘"The Negro's Peculiar Work": Jim Crow and Black Discourses on US Empire, Race, and the African Question, 1877-1900’, Journal of American Studies, 52.2 (2018), 330-57 (p. 341) <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875817001931>

From a book/ebook

Artist/Creator Surname, Forename, Year, ‘Title of image/figure’, description, in Title of Book by Author of book (if different to Artist/Creator) Forename Surname, (Place of publication: Publisher), Page number [If online] Supplier/Platform ebook

Sutherland, Graham, 1941, ‘Devastation 1941: City, Twisted Girders’, painting, in Reading the Ruins: Modernism, Bombsites and British Culture by Leo Mellor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 119. Proquest Ebook Central ebook

Notes

• When referencing an ebook you do not need to add the URL, but include the Supplier/Platform at the end of the reference, e.g. Proquest Ebook Central, Google Books, etc.
• In some cases you may need to use the screen name of the creator if their real name is not available, which may be the case with image sharing websites.
• If a person or corporation cannot be identified as the artist/creator, omit the artist/creator and start the reference with the title.
• If there is no clear title to the image, a popular title may be used if one exists. If a popular title to the image does not exist then you will need to supply the image with a title, in square brackets, providing the following where possible:
• The subject matter.
• The name or place of the object depicted, i.e. the person, the building, the location, etc.
• Include a description of the item after the title, e.g. photograph, diagram, table, etc. If it is a painting or drawing you can either describe it as painting or drawing, or if the medium used is available you can use this as the description, e.g. watercolour, oil on canvas, charcoal on paper, etc.
• When giving the dimensions of an artwork, give the units in cm. You should also use a multiplication sign (×) rather than a lowercase x.
• If you are referencing an image or figure from a source other than those listed above, include the details of the source in the usual format for that item type after the details of the image.
• When referencing an image/figure from a journal article, include the page range of the whole article followed by the specific page that the image/figure is on in round brackets, e.g. 104-21 (p. 108).
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.
• You don't need to include a citation and reference for any images or figures that you have created yourself. Everything in your work is assumed to be your own work unless you state otherwise, i.e. by citing someone else's work.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (Year), page range (pages used).

¹⁰ Andrew Scragg, ‘Rudyard Kipling's "The Records of Badalia Herodsfoot": Reassessing Its Significance’, English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920, 61 (2018), 172-88 (p. 173).

¹¹ Steven J. Emmerich and Andrew K Persily, ‘Analysis of U.S. Commercial Building Envelope Air Leakage Database to Support Sustainable Building Design’, International Journal of Ventilation, 12 (2014), 331-43 (pp. 333-34).

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (Year), page range

Emmerich, Steven J. and Andrew K Persily, ‘Analysis of U.S. Commercial Building Envelope Air Leakage Database to Support Sustainable Building Design’, International Journal of Ventilation, 12 (2014), 331-43

Scragg, Andrew, ‘Rudyard Kipling's "The Records of Badalia Herodsfoot": Reassessing Its Significance’, English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920, 61 (2018), 172-88

Notes

• Only include the issue number/month/season of the journal if every issue starts with page 1.
• If you do need to refer to an issue of a journal, it would be given as, for example, 3.3. This refers to Volume 3 Part 3 of a journal
• The volume number should be given in Arabic numerals even if the journal which you are citing prefers the use of Roman numerals, e.g. 12 rather than XII
• The page range in a journal article is not preceded with pp.
• Only give the main title of the journal, but you can give a subheading or place of publication if it will distinguish the journal from another of the same name.
• Only include the definite or indefinite article at the start of the journal title when the title of the journal title is made up of two words, otherwise omit, e.g. The Drama Review would be included as Drama Review, whilst The Economist would remain unchanged.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

A DOI refers to a Digital Object Identifier. It provides a stable, persistent link to the article you are referring to. In the MHRA style, a DOI should be presented with http://dx.doi.org/ before the alphanumeric string, regardless of whether the article presents the DOI in this way.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number}Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (Year), page range (pages used) <DOI>.

¹² Rebecca S. Miller, ‘Hucklebucking at the Tea Dances: Irish Showbands in Britain 1959-1969’, Popular Music History, 9 (2014), 225-47 (pp. 226-27) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/pomh.v9i3.31855>.

¹³ Katherine B. Aaslestad, ‘Serious Work for a New Europe: The Congress of Vienna After Two Hundred Years’, Central European History, 48 (2015), 225-37 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0008938915000357>.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of Article’ Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (Year), page range <DOI>

Aaslestad, Katherine B., ‘Serious Work for a New Europe: The Congress of Vienna After Two Hundred Years’, Central European History, 48 (2015), 225-37 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0008938915000357>

Miller, Rebecca S., ‘Hucklebucking at the Tea Dances: Irish Showbands in Britain 1959-1969’, Popular Music History, 9 (2014), 225-47 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/pomh.v9i3.31855>

Notes

• Only include the issue number/month/season of the journal if every issue starts with page 1.
• If you do need to refer to an issue of a journal, it would be given as, for example, 3.3. This refers to Volume 3 Part 3 of a journal
• The volume number should be given in Arabic numerals even if the journal which you are citing prefers the use of Roman numerals, e.g. 12 rather than XII
• The page range in a journal article is not preceded with pp.
• Only give the main title of the journal, but you can give a subheading or place of publication if it will distinguish the journal from another of the same name.
• Only include the definite or indefinite article at the start of the journal title when the title of the journal title is made up of two words, otherwise omit, e.g. The Drama Review would be included as Drama Review, whilst The Economist would remain unchanged.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of page’, Name of website, Date <URL> [Date accessed].

¹⁴ Met Office, ‘Urban Climate Impacts’, Met Office, 2014 <https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-impacts/urban> [accessed 22 January 2018].

¹⁵ Michael Rosen, ‘Michael Rosen Biography’, Michael Rosen, [n.d.] <http://www.michaelrosen.co.uk/for-adults-biography/> [accessed 22 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of page’, Name of website, Year <URL> [Date accessed]

Met Office, ‘Urban Climate Impacts’ Met Office, 2014 <https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-impacts/urban> [accessed 22 January 2018]

Rosen, Michael, ‘Michael Rosen Biography’, Michael Rosen, [n.d.] <http://www.michaelrosen.co.uk/for-adults-biography/> [accessed 22 January 2018]

Notes

No official guidance available for referencing a web page

• The MHRA Style Guide recommends that you look for the shortest form of a URL without long query strings, which is normally a question mark (?) followed by many numbers and letters.
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.
• Sometimes the author of a web page will be a corporate author, place the name of the corporation in the place of author Forename Surname. The corporation name will also be used to determine the place in the bibliography.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In print

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of work, trans. by translator Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (if applicable) (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page range used.

¹⁶ Euripides, Hippolytus, trans. by Ben Shaw (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 98.

¹⁷ Homer, The Odyssey, trans. by E. V. Rieu (London: GuildPublishers, 1987), p.181.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename Title of work, trans. by translator Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (if applicable) (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Euripides, Hippolytus, trans. by Ben Shaw (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007)

Homer, The Odyssey, trans. by. E. V. Rieu (London: GuildPublishers, 1987)

Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of work, trans. by translator Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (if applicable) (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page range used. Supplier/Platform/file ebook.

¹⁸ William Shakespeare, The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet: As it Hath Beene ſundrie Times Publikely Acted by the Kings Maiesties Seruants at the Globe, Newly corrected, augmented and amended edn (London: Printed for John Smithwicke, and are to bee ſold at his Shop in Dunstances church-yard, in Fleetestreete vnder the Dyall, c. 1622). Early English Books Online ebook.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of work, trans. by translator Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (if applicable) (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page range used. Supplier/Platform/file ebook

Shakespeare, William, The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet: As it Hath Beene ſundrie Times Publikely Acted by the Kings Maiesties Seruants at the Globe, Newly corrected, augmented and amended edn (London: Printed for John Smithwicke, and are to bee ſold at his Shop in Dunstances church-yard, in Fleetestreete vnder the Dyall, c.1622). Early English Books Online ebook

Notes

• If the full name of the translator is not available you may use their initial as listed on the title page of the item.
• Quotations should always be the same as the piece of information you are referring to. However, when referring to early historical works there are some exceptions. The forms of the following letters are normalised into modern use:
• i and j
• u and v
• The long s (ſ)
• The ampersand (&)
• The Tironian sign (⁊)
• The tilde
• The superior (superscript) letters in contractions
• Other abbreviations
• To reference a specific part of a play in the footnotes - see Plays.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author or designer Forename Surname, Name of app (Year), Platform app is available from.

¹⁹ campusM, iSheffield (2017), iOS and Android.

In the bibliography

Author or designer Surname, Forename, Name of app (Year), Platform app is available from

campusM, iSheffield (2017), iOS and Android

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

Work of Art in a Gallery/Museum

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of work, the date of work (if known), medium of composition, dimensions (in cm), Holding institution, town of holding institution.

²⁰ Jean-Germain Drouais, Marius at Minturnae, 1786, oil on canvas, 271 × 365 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris.

²¹ Matteo Civitali, Tabernacle, c. 1496, carved marble, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of work, the date of work (if known), medium of composition, dimensions (in cm if available), Holding institution, town of holding institution

Civitali, Matteo, Tabernacle, c. 1496, carved marble, Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Drouais, Jean-Germain, Marius at Minturnae, 1786, oil on canvas, 271 × 365cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris

Work of art online

See Images and Figures

Notes

• The name of the artist, title, date and method of composition should be given as a minimum when referring to a work of art.
• If the date is an approximate date, circa should be used. It should be abbreviated to c., e.g. c. 1496.
• When giving dimensions, give the units in cm. You should also use a multiplication sign (×) rather than a lower case x.
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

Citing a chapter/verse

In the footnotes

^{Footnote number} Book of the Bible Chapter. Verse.

¹⁹ Ruth 2. 22.

In the bibliography

Book of the Bible Chapter. Verse

Ruth 2. 22

Notes

• The books of the Bible, e.g. Ruth, Genesis, etc., are not italicised.
• Use roman numerals for numbers of books, e.g. ii Corinthians.
• Use arabic numerals for chapters and verses, and separate the chapter and verse numbers with a full stop, e.g. 2. 22.
• For referencing a sacred text other than the Bible, use the guidance for Ancient or Historical Texts and include the chapter/verse number in the footnote rather than the page number of the book.

Citing a whole book

In the footnotes

^{Footnote number} Title, (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication).

²⁰ The Holy Bible With the Apocrypha: The Revised Version, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927).

In the bibliography

Title, (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

The Holy Bible With the Apocrypha: The Revised Version, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927)

Notes

• For referencing a sacred text other than the Bible, use the guidance for Ancient or Historical Texts.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the Footnotes

^{Footnote number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of blog post’, Title of Blog, (Date) <URL> [accessed Day Month Year].

²³ Nick Ripatrazone, ‘W.H. Auden Wrote Poetry for a Beautiful Short Film About Running’, Literary Hub, (2017) <http://lithub.com/w-h-auden-wrote-poetry-for-a-beautiful-short-film-about-running/> [accessed 14 December 2017].

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of Blog Post’, Title of Blog (Date) <URL> [accessed Day Month Year]

Ripatrazone, Nick ‘W.H. Auden Wrote Poetry for a Beautiful Short Film About Running’, Literary Hub, (2017) <http://lithub.com/w-h-auden-wrote-poetry-for-a-beautiful-short-film-about-running/> [accessed 14 December 2017]

Notes

• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For Blu-Ray see Video - Physical Format.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

²⁴ Karl Ashley Smith, Dickens and the Unreal City: Searching for Spiritual Significance in Nineteenth-Century London (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), p. 185.

²⁵ Derrick Chong, Arts Management, 2nd edn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), pp. 131-33.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Chong, Derrick, Arts Management, 2nd edn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010)

Smith, Karl Ashley, Dickens and the Unreal City: Searching for Spiritual Significance in Nineteenth-Century London (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)

Notes

• The author's name should be given as it appears on the title page.
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname and Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

Or

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Author Forename Surname and Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

²⁶ Donald A. Hodges and David C. Sebald, Music in the Human Experience: An Introduction to Music Psychology, (New York: Routledge, 2011), p.193.

²⁷ John Glasson, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick, Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, 4th edn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), pp. 83, 85-87.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, and Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Or

Author Surname, Forename, Author Forename Surname and Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Glasson, John, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick, Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, 4th edn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012)

Hodges, Donald A. and David C. Sebald, Music in the Human Experience: An Introduction to Music Psychology, (New York: Routledge, 2011)

Notes

• The author's name should be given as it appears on the title page.
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• You should capitalise each significant word of the title and subtitle. The first word after a colon should be capitalised.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} First author Forename Surname and others, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

²⁸ Wayne C. Booth and others, The Craft of Research, 4th edn (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2016), pp. 74-75.

²⁹ Eberhard Schunck and others, Roof Construction Manual: Pitched Roofs, 4th edn (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail, 2002), pp. 264-70.

In the bibliography

First author Surname, Forename, and others, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Booth, Wayne C., and others, The Craft of Research, 4th edn (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2016)

Schunck, Eberhard, and others, Roof Construction Manual: Pitched Roofs, 4th edn (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail, 2003)

Notes

• The author's name should be given as it appears on the title page.
• The names of up to three authors should be given in full, for works by more than three authors the name of the first author should be given followed by ‘and others’.
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• You should capitalise each significant word of the title and subtitle. The first word after a colon should be capitalised.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Chapter author Forename Surname, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter (pages used).

³⁰ Gabor Thomas, ‘The Prehistory of Medieval Farms and Villages: From Saxons to Scandinavians’, in Medieval Rural Settlement: Britain and Ireland, AD 800-1600 ed. by Neil Christie and Paul Stamper (Oxford: Windgather Press, 2012), pp. 43-62 (p. 45).

³¹ Robert L. Hutchings, ‘The United States, German Unification and European Integration’, in Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal, ed. by Frédéric Bozo and others (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 119-32.

In the bibliography

Chapter author Surname, Forename, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter

Thomas, Gabor, ‘The Prehistory of Medieval Farms and Villages: From Saxons to Scandinavians’, in Medieval Rural Settlement: Britain and Ireland, AD 800-1600 ed. by Neil Christie and Paul Stamper (Oxford: Windgather Press, 2012), pp. 43-62

Hutchings, Robert L., ‘The United States, German Unification and European Integration’, in Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal, ed. by Frédéric Bozo and others (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 119-32

Notes

• The author/editor's name should be given as it appears on the title page/contents page.
• The title of the book should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• The title of the chapter should be given as it appears on the contents page.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• You should capitalise each significant word of the title and subtitle. The first word after a colon should be capitalised.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).
• If a particular page within a chapter or article is to be indicated, a full page span should still be given in the first full citation and a reference to the particular page should be added in rounded brackets, e.g. pp. 31-35 (p. 32)

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Chapter author Forename Surname, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter (pages used). Supplier/Platform/File ebook.

³² Dianne Harris and David L. Hays, ‘On the Use and Misuse of Historical Landscape Views’, in Representing Landscape Architecture, ed. by Marc Treib (Abingdon: Taylor & Francis, 2008), pp. 22-41. VLeBooks ebook.

³³ Robynn J. Stilwell, ‘The Sound is "Out There": Score, Sound Design and Exoticism in The X Files’, in Analyzing Popular Music, ed. by Allan F. Moore (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 60-79 (p. 63). Ebook Central ebook.

In the bibliography

Chapter author Surname, Forename, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter. Supplier/Platform/File ebook

Harris, Dianne and David L. Hays, ‘On the Use and Misuse of Historical Landscape Views’, in Representing Landscape Architecture ed. by Marc Treib (Abingdon: Taylor & Francis, 2008), pp. 22-41. VLeBooks ebook

Stilwell, Robynn J., ‘The Sound is "Out There": Score, Sound Design and Exoticism in The X Files’, in Analyzing Popular Music, ed. by Allan F. Moore (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 60-79. Ebook Central ebook

Notes

• If the ebook is a stable document, i.e. a PDF, you will be able to refer to page numbers you have used in your work. If the item is not a stable document, but the item has numbered sections or paragraphs, you will be able to use these to direct the reader to the information used in your work, e.g. para. 2 of 15 would refer to the second paragraph of 15. Do not infer line numbers if they are not provided as different browsers or devices can change the display of the document.
• If you are referencing a Kindle edition, you would include this information after the page range, e.g. pp. 12-13. Kindle edition.
• The title of the book should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).
• If a particular page within a chapter or article is to be indicated, a full page span should still be given in the first full citation and a reference to the particular page should be added in rounded brackets, e.g. pp. 31-35 (p. 32)

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Title of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

³⁴ A Companion to Shakespeare's Works, ed. by Richard Dutton and Jean E. Howard, 4 vols (Malden: Blackwell, 2006), III pp. 234-45.

In the bibliography

Editor Surname, Forename, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Dutton, Richard and Jean E. Howard eds., A Companion to Shakespeare's Works, 4 vols (Malden: Blackwell, 2006)

Notes

• The author/editor's name should be given as it appears on the title page/contents page.
• The title of the book should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• The title of the chapter should be given as it appears on the contents page
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used. Supplier/Platform/file ebook.

³⁵ Udo Weilacher, Syntax of Landscape: The Landscape Architecture of Peter Latz and Partners, English edn (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008), p. 25. VLeBooks ebook.

³⁶ Patrick McCarthy, Albert Camus: The Stranger, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 11-12. Ebook Central ebook.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication) Supplier/Platform/file ebook

McCarthy, Patrick, Albert Camus: The Stranger, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) Ebook Central ebook

Weilacher, Udo, Syntax of Landscape: The Landscape Architecture of Peter Latz and Partners, English edn (Basel: Birkhäueser, 2008) VLeBooks ebook

Notes

• If the ebook is a stable document, i.e. a PDF, you will be able to refer to page numbers you have used in your work. If the item is not a stable document, but the item has numbered sections or paragraphs, you will be able to use these to direct the reader to the information used in your work, e.g. para. 2 of 15 would refer to the second paragraph of 15. Do not infer line numbers if they are not provided as different browsers or devices can change the display of the document.
• If you are referencing a Kindle edition, you would include this information after the page range, e.g. pp. 12-13. Kindle edition.
• The author/editor's name should be given as it appears on the title page/contents page. The author may be a corporate body or organisation.
• The title of the book should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For Chapter in a book see Book - Chapter or Book - Chapter/Section in an electronic book.

It’s important to acknowledge the source of code just like you would acknowledge the source of any work that is not your own. Referencing correctly will help to distinguish your work from others, give credit to the original author and allow anyone to identify the source.

See Referencing Code for guidance. You will need to adapt the guidance to your referencing style.

For Compact Disc see Music - Album or Music - Album Track.

In print

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Chapter author Forename Surname, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter.

⁸⁸ Helen Ganiaris and Nick Bateman, ‘From Arena to Art Gallery: The Preservation of London's Roman Amphitheatre in Situ’, in Preserving Archaeological Remains in Situ?: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference 12-14 September 2001, ed. by Taryn Nixon, (London: Museum of London Archaeology Service, 2004). pp. 198-201.

In the bibliography

Chapter author Surname, Forename, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter.

Ganiaris, Helen, and Nick Bateman, ‘From Arena to Art Gallery: The Preservation of London's Roman Amphitheatre in Situ’, in Preserving Archaeological Remains in Situ?: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference 12-14 September 2001, ed. by Taryn Nixon, (London: Museum of London Archaeology Service, 2004). pp. 198-201

Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Chapter author Forename Surname, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter. Supplier/Platform/File ebook.

⁸⁹ Peter Forbrig and Gregor Buchholz, ‘Subject-Orientated Specification of Smart Environments’, in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Subject-orientated Business Process Management: S-BPM ONE 2017, Darmstadt, Germany, March 30-31, 2017, ed. by Max Mühlhäuser and Cornelia Zehbold (New York: Association for Computing Machinery: 2017). Article 8. ACM Digital Library ebook.

In the bibliography

Chapter author Surname, Forename, ‘Chapter Title’, in Name of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pages of chapter. Supplier/Platform/File ebook

Forbrig, Peter, and Gregor Buchholz, ‘Subject-Orientated Specification of Smart Environments’,, in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Subject-orientated Business Process Management: S-BPM ONE 2017, Darmstadt, Germany, March 30-31, 2017, ed. by Max Mühlhäuser and Cornelia Zehbold (New York: Association for Computing Machinery: 2017). Article 9. ACM Digital Library ebook.

Notes

• If you are referencing a Kindle edition, you would include this information after the page range, e.g. pp. 12-13. Kindle edition.
• The title of the book should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication and a different publisher in each place should be referred to, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail)
• If a particular page within a chapter or article is to be indicated, a full page span should still be given in the first full citation and a reference to the particular page should be added in rounded brackets, e.g. pp. 31-35 (p. 32)
• If the online version is a stable document, i.e. a PDF, you will be able to refer to page numbers you have used in your work. If the item is not a stable document, but the item has numbered sections or paragraphs, you will be able to use these to direct the reader to the information used in your work, e.g. para. 2 of 15 would refer to the second paragraph of 15. Do not infer line numbers if they are not provided as different browsers or devices can change the display of the document.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In print

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Title of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

⁸⁶ Preserving Archaeological Remains in Situ?: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference 12-14 September 2001, ed. by Taryn Nixon, (London: Museum of London Archaeology Service, 2004).

In the bibliography

Editor Surname, Forename, ed., Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Nixon, Taryn, ed., Preserving Archaeological Remains in Situ?: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference 12-14 September 2001, (London: Museum of London Archaeological Service, 2004)

Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Title of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication). Supplier/platform/file ebook.

⁸⁷ Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Subject-orientated Business Process Management: S-BPM ONE 2017, Darmstadt, Germany, March 30-31, 2017, ed. by Max Mühlhäuser and Cornelia Zehbold (New York: Association for Computing Machinery: 2017). ACM Digital Library ebook.

In the bibliography

Editor Surname, Forename, ed., Title of book, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication). Supplier/platform/file ebook.

Mühlhäuser, Max, and Cornelia Zehbold, eds., Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Subject-orientated Business Process Management: S-BPM ONE 2017, Darmstadt, Germany, March 30-31, 2017 (New York: Association for Computing Machinery: 2017). ACM Digital Library ebook

Notes

• The author/editor's name should be given as it appears on the title page/contents page.
• The title of the book should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication and a different publisher in each place should be referred to, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail)
• The name of the first editor will decide the place in the bibliography/reference list. You will only need to reverse the name of the first editor.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname or Corporate Author, Title of dataset, Edition (if necessary), Number or Version of dataset (if available), Year <URL> [Date accessed] or DOI

²⁸ Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2019 to 2020, 2020 <https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/local-authority-green-belt-statistics-for-england-2019-to-2020> [accessed 9 September 2021].

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename or Corporate Author, Title of dataset, Edition (if necessary), Number or Version of dataset (if available), Year <URL> [Date accessed] or DOI

Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2019 to 2020, 2020 <https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/local-authority-green-belt-statistics-for-england-2019-to-2020> [accessed 9 September 2021]

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For Dictionary see Reference Works.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of thesis’ (unpublished master's thesis, Name of University, Year), pages used.

⁷⁵ Paul Bobcombe, ‘An Historical Study of the Development of the Adult Education Unit of the Ministry of Education in Trinidad and Tobago for the Period 1944-2004’ (unpublished master's thesis, University of Sheffield, 2005), pp. 12-13.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename ‘Title of thesis’ (unpublished master's thesis, Name of University, Year)

Bobcombe, Paul, ‘An Historical Study of the Development of the Adult Education Unit of the Ministry of Education in Trinidad and Tobago for the Period 1944-2004’ (unpublished master's thesis, University of Sheffield, 2005)

Notes

• The US refer to doctoral dissertation and master's thesis whilst the UK refer to doctoral thesis and master's dissertation. You should refer to the works according to the country, for example if you are using a US doctoral dissertation, you would refer to it as doctoral dissertation in your work.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For DVD see Video - Physical Format.

For Electronic Book see Book - Electronic or Book - Chapter/Section in an electronic book.

For Electronic Journal see Journal Article with a DOI (Electronic) or Journal Article without a DOI (Electronic).

For Encylopaedia see Reference Works.

Viewed in person

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Title of Exhibition, date of exhibition, holding institution, place of holding institution.

⁷³ Beatles to Bowie: The 60s Exposed, 15 October 2009 - 24 January 2010, National Portrait Gallery, London.

In the bibliography

Title of Exhibition, date of exhibition, holding institution, place of holding institution

Beatles to Bowie: The 60s Exposed, 15 October 2009 - 24 January 2010, National Portrait Gallery, London

Viewed online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Title of Exhibition, date of exhibition, holding institution, place of holding institution <URL> [Date accessed].

⁷⁴ Beatles to Bowie: The 60s Exposed, 15 October 2009 - 24 January 2010, National Portrait Gallery, London <https://www.npg.org.uk/beatles/exhib.htm> [accessed 31 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Title of Exhibition, date of exhibition, holding institution, place of holding institution <URL> [Date accessed]

Beatles to Bowie: The 60s Exposed, 15 October 2009 - 24 January 2010, National Portrait Gallery, London <https://www.npg.org.uk/beatles/exhib.htm> [accessed 31 January 2018]

Notes

No official guidance for an exhibition

• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.
• Titles of exhibitions should be enclosed in single quotation marks referred to in the text.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For Facebook see Social Media.

For Film see the Video sections.

For Graphs see Images and Figures.

For Historical Texts see Ancient or Historical Texts.

This guidance is for citing and referencing images and figures that you are referring to in your work. If you have inserted an image or figure into your work please see the "Guidance for taught course students inserting images and figures into university work."

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Artist/Creator Forename Surname, Details of image/figure following the format for the source where you viewed it

¹ Derek Bridges, Man Cat, digital photograph, Flickr, 22 December 2008 <https://www.flickr.com/photos/derek_b/3145058691/> [accessed 18 January 2018].

² Jean-Germain Drouais, Marius at Minturnae, 1786, oil on canvas, 271 × 365 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris.

³ Steven Keegan, Newby the Dog, 1991, raku fired earthenware <http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O155512/newby-the-dog-sculpture-keegan-steven/> [accessed 23 January 2018].

⁴ Jeanette Eileen Jones, 'Emigrants Sent by the American Colonization Society to Liberia, 1847-74’, table, in ‘"The Negro's Peculiar Work": Jim Crow and Black Discourses on US Empire, Race, and the African Question, 1877-1900’, Journal of American Studies, 52.2 (2018), 330-57 (p. 341) <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875817001931>.

⁵ Graham Sutherland, 1941, ‘Devastation 1941: City, Twisted Girders’, painting, in Reading the Ruins: Modernism, Bombsites and British Culture by Leo Mellor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 119. Proquest Ebook Central ebook.

In the bibliography

From an online collection/social media site, e.g. Flickr, Instagram, etc.

Artist/Creator Surname, Forename, Title of image/figure, description, Name of site, day month year of publication <URL> [Date accessed]

Bridges, Derek, Man Cat, digital photograph, Flickr, 22 December 2008 <https://www.flickr.com/photos/derek_b/3145058691/> [accessed 18 January 2008]

From a museum/gallery (either viewed in person or online)

Artist/Creator Surname, Forename, Title of image/figure, Year, description (include dimensions in cm if available), [If viewed in person] Holding institution, Location [If viewed online] <URL> [Date Accessed]

Drouais, Jean-Germain, Marius at Minturnae, 1786, oil on canvas, 271 × 365cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris

Keegan, Steven, Newby the Dog, 1991, raku fired earthenware, <http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O155512/newby-the-dog-sculpture-keegan-steven/> [accessed 23 January 2018]

From a journal

Artist/Creator Surname, Forename, ‘Title of image/figure’, description, ‘Title of journal article’ Author of journal article (if different to Artist/Creator) Forename Surname, Title of Journal, Volume.Issue, Page range of article (Page number of image/figure) [If online] <URL/DOI>

Jones, Jeanette Eileen, ‘Emigrants Sent by the American Colonization Society to Liberia, 1847-74’, table, in ‘"The Negro's Peculiar Work": Jim Crow and Black Discourses on US Empire, Race, and the African Question, 1877-1900’, Journal of American Studies, 52.2 (2018), 330-57 (p. 341) <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875817001931>

From a book/ebook

Artist/Creator Surname, Forename, Year, ‘Title of image/figure’, description, in Title of Book by Author of book (if different to Artist/Creator) Forename Surname, (Place of publication: Publisher), Page number [If online] Supplier/Platform ebook

Sutherland, Graham, 1941, ‘Devastation 1941: City, Twisted Girders’, painting, in Reading the Ruins: Modernism, Bombsites and British Culture by Leo Mellor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 119. Proquest Ebook Central ebook

Notes

• When referencing an ebook you do not need to add the URL, but include the Supplier/Platform at the end of the reference, e.g. Proquest Ebook Central, Google Books, etc.
• In some cases you may need to use the screen name of the creator if their real name is not available, which may be the case with image sharing websites.
• If a person or corporation cannot be identified as the artist/creator, omit the artist/creator and start the reference with the title.
• If there is no clear title to the image, a popular title may be used if one exists. If a popular title to the image does not exist then you will need to supply the image with a title, in square brackets, providing the following where possible:
• The subject matter.
• The name or place of the object depicted, i.e. the person, the building, the location, etc.
• Include a description of the item after the title, e.g. photograph, diagram, table, etc. If it is a painting or drawing you can either describe it as painting or drawing, or if the medium used is available you can use this as the description, e.g. watercolour, oil on canvas, charcoal on paper, etc.
• When giving the dimensions of an artwork, give the units in cm. You should also use a multiplication sign (×) rather than a lowercase x.
• If you are referencing an image or figure from a source other than those listed above, include the details of the source in the usual format for that item type after the details of the image.
• When referencing an image/figure from a journal article, include the page range of the whole article followed by the specific page that the image/figure is on in round brackets, e.g. 104-21 (p. 108).
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.
• You don't need to include a citation and reference for any images or figures that you have created yourself. Everything in your work is assumed to be your own work unless you state otherwise, i.e. by citing someone else's work.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the Footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (Year), page range (pages used).

³⁸ Andrew Scragg, ‘Rudyard Kipling's "The Records of Badalia Herodsfoot": Reassessing Its Significance’, English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920, 61 (2018), 172-88 (p. 173).

³⁹ Steven J. Emmerich and Andrew K Persily, ‘Analysis of U.S. Commercial Building Envelope Air Leakage Database to Support Sustainable Building Design’, International Journal of Ventilation, 12 (2014), 331-43 (pp. 333-34).

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (Year), page range

Emmerich, Steven J. and Andrew K Persily, ‘Analysis of U.S. Commercial Building Envelope Air Leakage Database to Support Sustainable Building Design’, International Journal of Ventilation, 12 (2014), 331-43

Scragg, Andrew, ‘Rudyard Kipling's "The Records of Badalia Herodsfoot": Reassessing Its Significance’, English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920, 61 (2018), 172-88

Notes

• Only include the issue number/month/season of the journal if every issue starts with page 1.
• If you do need to refer to an issue of a journal, it would be given as, for example, 3.3. This refers to Volume 3 Part 3 of a journal
• The volume number should be given in Arabic numerals even if the journal which you are citing prefers the use of Roman numerals, e.g. 12 rather than XII
• The page range in a journal article is not preceded with pp.
• Only give the main title of the journal, but you can give a subheading or place of publication if it will distinguish the journal from another of the same name.
• Only include the definite or indefinite article at the start of the journal title when the title of the journal title is made up of two words, otherwise omit, e.g. The Drama Review would be included as Drama Review, whilst The Economist would remain unchanged.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

A DOI refers to a Digital Object Identifier. It provides a stable, persistent link to the article you are referring to. In the MHRA style, a DOI should be presented with http://dx.doi.org/ before the alphanumeric string, regardless of whether the article presents the DOI in this way.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number}Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (Year), page range (pages used) <DOI>.

⁴⁰ Rebecca S. Miller, ‘Hucklebucking at the Tea Dances: Irish Showbands in Britain 1959-1969’, Popular Music History, 9 (2014), 225-47 (pp. 226-27) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/pomh.v9i3.31855>.

⁴¹ Katherine B. Aaslestad, ‘Serious Work for a New Europe: The Congress of Vienna After Two Hundred Years’, Central European History, 48 (2015), 225-37 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0008938915000357>.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of Article’ Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (Year), page range <DOI>

Aaslestad, Katherine B., ‘Serious Work for a New Europe: The Congress of Vienna After Two Hundred Years’, Central European History, 48 (2015), 225-37 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0008938915000357>

Miller, Rebecca S., ‘Hucklebucking at the Tea Dances: Irish Showbands in Britain 1959-1969’, Popular Music History, 9 (2014), 225-47 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/pomh.v9i3.31855>

Notes

• Only include the issue number/month/season of the journal if every issue starts with page 1.
• If you do need to refer to an issue of a journal, it would be given as, for example, 3.3. This refers to Volume 3 Part 3 of a journal.
• The volume number should be given in Arabic numerals even if the journal which you are citing prefers the use of Roman numerals, e.g. 12 rather than XII
• The page range in a journal article is not preceded with pp.
• Only give the main title of the journal, but you can give a subheading or place of publication if it will distinguish the journal from another of the same name.
• Only include the definite or indefinite article at the start of the journal title when the title of the journal title is made up of two words, otherwise omit, e.g. The Drama Review would be included as Drama Review, whilst The Economist would remain unchanged.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

URL refers to Universal Resource Locator, this is the address that you will see in your web browser. If a journal article does not have a DOI (See Journal Article with a DOI for a description), you should use this guidance. The MHRA Style Guide recommends that you look for the shortest form of a URL without long query strings, which is normally a question mark (?) followed by many numbers and letters.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of Article’ Title of Journal, Volume, Issue (Year), page range (pages used) <URL> [Date accessed].

⁴² Beverly Jerold, ‘Johann Philip Kirnberger and the Bach Chorale Settings’ Bach, 41.1 (2014), 34-43 (p. 35) <http://www.jstor.org/stable/43489889> [accessed 19 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of Article’ Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (Year), page range <URL> [Date accessed]

Jarold, Beverly, ’Johann Philip Kirnberger and the Bach Chorale Settings’ Bach, 41.1 (2014), 34-43 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/43489889> [accessed 19 January 2018]

Notes

• Only include the issue number/month/season of the journal if every issue starts with page 1.
• If you do need to refer to an issue of a journal, it would be given as, for example, 3.3. This refers to Volume 3 Part 3 of a journal
• The volume number should be given in Arabic numerals even if the journal which you are citing prefers the use of Roman numerals, e.g. 12 rather than XII
• The page range in a journal article is not preceded with pp.
• Only give the main title of the journal, but you can give a subheading or place of publication if it will distinguish the journal from another of the same name.
• Only include the definite or indefinite article at the start of the journal title when the title of the journal title is made up of two words, otherwise omit, e.g. The Drama Review would be included as Drama Review, whilst The Economist would remain unchanged.
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

A DOI refers to a Digital Object Identifier. It provides a stable, persistent link to the article you are referring to. In the MHRA style, a DOI should be presented with http://dx.doi.org/ before the alphanumeric string, regardless of whether the article presents the DOI in this way.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number}Author(s) Forename Surname, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (if available, if not use Advance online publication) (Year), page range (pages used) <DOI>.

⁹⁰ Jennifer Charlson, ‘Regeneration of Brownfield Land: The Environmental Law Challenges’, Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law, Advance online publication (2018) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JPPEL-12-2017-0038>.

⁹¹ Ana M. Lucia-Casademunt, Deybbi Cuéllar-Molina, and Antonia M. Garcia-Cabrera, ‘The Role of Human Resource Practices and Managers in the Development of Well-being: Cultural Differences in the Changing Workplace’, Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, Advance online publication (2018) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-05-2017-0054>.

In the bibliography

Author(s) Surname, Forename ‘Title of Article’ Title of Journal, Volume.Issue (if available, if not use advance online publication) (Year), page range <DOI>

Charlson, Jennifer, ‘Regeneration of Brownfield Land: The Environmental Law Challenges’, Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law, Advance online publication (2018) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JPPEL-12-2017-0038>

Lucia-Casademunt, Ana M., Deybbi Cuéllar-Molina, and Antonia M. Garcia-Cabrera, ‘The Role of Human Resource Practices and Managers in the Development of Well-being: Cultural Differences in the Changing Workplace’, Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, Advance online publication (2018) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-05-2017-0054>

Notes

• Only include the issue number/month/season of the journal if every issue starts with page 1.
• If you do need to refer to an issue of a journal, it would be given as, for example, 3.3. This refers to Volume 3 Part 3 of a journal
• The volume number should be given in Arabic numerals even if the journal which you are citing prefers the use of Roman numerals, e.g. 12 rather than XII
• The page range in a journal article is not preceded with pp.
• Only give the main title of the journal,but you can give a subheading or place of publication if it will distinguish the journal from another of the same name.
• Only include the definite or indefinite article at the start of the journal title when the title of the journal title is made up of two words, otherwise omit, e.g. The Drama Review would be included as Drama Review, whilst The Economist would remain unchanged.
• Advance online publications, or preprints, will tend to have a DOI. If it does not, you would include the URL in place of the DOI followed by the date you accessed the paper in square brackets, e.g. [accessed 19 October 2018].

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For Kindle or other e-reader see Book - electronic.

Citing informal or unpublished materials, such as handouts, lecture recordings and lecture notes is not generally recommended. Instead you should look to cite a primary source (such as a textbook or journal article) which describes or summarises the idea you are referring to. You may wish to ask your lecturer for recommended reading.

MHRA guidance states that magazines, which are defined as regular non-scholarly periodicals, should be referenced in the same way as you would reference a Newspaper Article.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Artist Forename Surname or Band name, Title of Album (Recording Company, Album Reference (if available), Year) [medium accessed e.g. on CD, on Vinyl].

⁴³ The Prodigy, The Fat of the Land (XL Recordings, XLCD 121, 1997) [on CD].

⁴⁴ Daryl Hall and John Oates, Big Bam Boom (RCA, AFL1-5309, 1984) [on vinyl].

⁴⁵ Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Hollywood Records, 2014) [on MP3].

In the bibliography

Artist Surname, Forename, or Band name, Title of Album (Recording Company, Album Reference (if available), Year) [medium accessed, e.g. on CD, on Vinyl]

Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Hollywood Records, 2014) [on MP3]

Hall, Daryl and John Oates, Big Bam Boom (RCA, AFL1-5309, 1984) [on vinyl]

The Prodigy, The Fat of the Land (XL Recordings, XLCD 121, 1997) [on CD]

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Artist Forename Surname or Band name, ‘Title of song’, Title of Album (Recording Company, Album Reference, Year) [medium accessed, e.g. on CD, on Vinyl].

⁴⁶ The Beatles, ‘Ticket to Ride’, Help! (EMI Records, CDP 7464392, 1965) [on CD].

⁴⁷ Tammi Terrell and Marvin Gaye, ‘Ain't No Mountain High Enough’, Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Hollywood Records, 2014) [on MP3].

⁴⁸ Dan Mangan, ‘Road Regrets’, Nice, Nice, Very Nice (File Under: Music, FUM06, 2009) [on CD].

In the bibliography

Artist Surname, Forename, or Band name, Title of Album (Recording Company, Album Reference (if available), Year) [medium accessed, e.g. on CD, on Vinyl, on MP3]

Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Hollywood Records, 2014) [on MP3]

Mangan, Dan, Nice, Nice, Very Nice (File Under: Music, FUM06, 2009) [on CD]

The Beatles, Help! (EMI Records, CDP 7464392, 1965) [on CD]

If you are referencing more than one track from an album, you will need to include the full details of each track used in the bibliography, e.g.

Artist Surname, Forename or Band name, ‘Title of song’, Title of Album (Recording Company, Album Reference, Year) [medium accessed, e.g. on CD, on Vinyl]

Terrell, Tammi and Marvin Gaye, ‘Ain't No Mountain High Enough’, Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Hollywood Records, 2014) [on MP3]

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For Music - Digital Format see Music – Album or Music – Album Track.

Full Score

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Composer Forename Surname, Title of score, Forename Surname of editor/translator [if needed], Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), act/scene number/pages used.

⁸⁴ Giuseppe Verdi Requiem in Full Score, ed. by Kurt Soldan (Leipzig: C F. Peters [n.d.]; repr. New York: Dover Press, 1978).

In the bibliography

Composer Surname, Forename Title of score, Forename Surname of editor/translator [if needed], Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), act/scene number/pages used.

Verdi, Giuseppe, Requiem in Full Score, ed. by Kurt Soldan (Leipzig: C F. Peters [n.d.]; repr. New York: Dover Press, 1978).

Item from a score

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Composer Forename Surname, ‘Title of item’, in Name of score, Forename Surname of editor/translator/compiler, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication).

⁸⁵ Frank Loesser, ‘I've Never Been In Love Before’, in The Black Book: 50 Showstoppers, comp. by Peter Evans (London: Wise Publications, 1998), pp. 80-82.

In the bibliography

Composer Surname, Forename, ‘Title of item’, in Name of score, Forename Surname of editor/translator/compiler, Series Statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used

Loesser, Frank ‘I've Never Been In Love Before’, in The Black Book: 50 Showstoppers, comp. by Peter Evans (London: Wise Publications, 1998), pp. 80-82

Notes

• The name of the composer(s) should be given as it appears on the title page or section.
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• The edition should be included if it any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In print

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Date of article (Day Month Year), page number of article.

⁴⁹ Ian Sample, ‘Briton to Blast Off on Mission of a Lifetime’, Guardian, 15 December 2015, pp. 1, 24-25.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Date of article (Day Month Year), Section of newspaper (if applicable), page number of article

Sample, Ian, ‘Briton to Blast Off on Mission of a Lifetime’, Guardian, 15 December 2015, pp. 1, 24-25

Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Date of article (Day Month Year) <URL> [Date accessed].

⁵⁰ Ian Sample, ‘Tim Peake, Britain's First ESA Astronaut Set for Liftoff from Kazakhstan’, Guardian, 15 December 2015 <https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/14/britain-iss-astronaut-tim-peake-international-space-station> [accessed 26 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Date of article (Day Month Year) <URL> [Date accessed]

Sample, Ian, ‘Tim Peake, Britain's First ESA Astronaut Set for Liftoff from Kazakhstan’, Guardian, 15 December 2015 <https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/14/britain-iss-astronaut-tim-peake-international-space-station> [accessed 26 January 2018]

Newspaper Database, e.g. Nexis

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Date of article (Day Month Year) <URL of database homepage> [Date accessed].

⁵¹ Ian Sample, ‘Tim Peake, Britain's First ISS Astronaut, Set for Liftoff from Kazakhstan: Principia Mission to International Space Station Opens UK to Serious Involvement in Human Spaceflight’, Guardian, 15 December 2015 <https://www.nexis.com> [accessed 26 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Date of article (Day Month Year) <URL> [Date accessed]

Sample, Ian, ‘Tim Peake, Britain's First ISS Astronaut, Set for Liftoff from Kazakhstan: Principia Mission to International Space Station Opens UK to Serious Involvement in Human Spaceflight’, Guardian, 15 December 2015 <https://www.nexis.com> [accessed 26 January 2018]

Notes

• When citing English newspapers, ‘The’ or ‘A’ are normally omitted from the title. The only newspaper this does not apply to is The Times.
• The month should always be cited in English even if you are referencing a foreign language newspaper.
• For online articles, do not infer page, line or paragraph numbers unless they are marked on the article, as these may differ depending on browser or device used.
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In print

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, series statement/Edition statement/Volume statement (Place of publication: publisher, Year). Act (in Roman Numerals). Scene (in Arabic numbers). Line numbers.

⁷⁸ William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Macbeth, ed. by Nicholas Brooke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), IV. 1. 1-38.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, series statement/Edition statement/Volume statement (Place of publication: publisher, Year).

Shakespeare, William, The Tragedy of Macbeth, ed. by Nicholas Brooke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990)

Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of book, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, series statement/Edition statement/Volume statement (Place of publication: publisher, Year). Act (in Roman Numerals). Scene (in Arabic numbers). Line numbers. Supplier/Platform/file ebook.

⁷⁹ William Shakespeare, Macbeth: A Tragedy. Written by William Shakspeare, with the additions set to muſic by Mr. Locke and Dr. Arne. Marked with the Variations in the Manager's Book at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. (London: Printed for C. Bathurst, W. and A. Strathan, J.F. & C. Rivington, L. Davis, W. Lowndes, W. Owen & Son, B. White & Son, T. Longman, B. Law, C. Dilly, T. Cadell, T. Payne & Son, J. Robson, G.G.J. & J. Robinson, T. Davies, T. Bowles, R. Baldwin, H.L. Gardner, J. Nicholls, J. Bew, W. Cater, J. Murray, W. Stuart, S. Hayes, W. Bent, S. Bladon, W. Fox, & E. Newbery, 1785). IV. 1. 1-38. Eighteenth century collections online (ECCO) ebook.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of book ed. by Editor Forename Surname, series statement/Edition statement/Volume statement (Place of publication: publisher, Year). Supplier/Platform/file ebook

Shakespeare, William, Macbeth: A Tragedy. Written by William Shakspeare, with the additions set to muſic by Mr. Locke and Dr. Arne. Marked with the Variations in the Manager's Book at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. (London: Printed for C. Bathurst, W. and A. Strathan, J.F. & C. Rivington, L. Davis, W. Lowndes, W. Owen & Son, B. White & Son, T. Longman, B. Law, C. Dilly, T. Cadell, T. Payne & Son, J. Robson, G.G.J. & J. Robinson, T. Davies, T. Bowles, R. Baldwin, H.L. Gardner, J. Nicholls, J. Bew, W. Cater, J. Murray, W. Stuart, S. Hayes, W. Bent, S. Bladon, W. Fox, & E. Newbery, 1785). Eighteenth century collections online (ECCO) ebook

Notes

• The Scene, Act, and line numbers should be separated with full stops (.) rather than commas (,).
• Small capital Roman numerals should be used for the numbers of acts, the numbers of books, and major subdivisions.
• For scenes, cantos, and chapters use Arabic numerals.
• For later references you will be able to use the name of the play along with scene, act and line information.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author/Presenter Forename Surname, 'Title of Episode and Episode number (if available)' Title of Podcast, Type of source e.g. audio podcast, Host site name, Date of publication <URL> [Date accessed].

¹³ David Runciman, '322: Why constitutions matter', Talking Politics, audio podcast, Acast, 3 June 2021 <https://www.talkingpoliticspodcast.com/blog/2021/322-why-constitutions-matter> [accessed 9 September 2021].

In the bibliography

Author/Presenter Forename Surname, 'Title of Episode and Episode number (if available)' Title of Podcast, Type of source e.g. audio podcast, Host site name, Date of publication <URL> [Date accessed]

Runciman, David, '322: Why constitutions matter', Talking Politics, audio podcast, Acast, 3 June 2021 <https://www.talkingpoliticspodcast.com/blog/2021/322-why-constitutions-matter> [accessed 9 September 2021]

Notes

• If you refer to more than one episode of a podcast, each will need a separate entry in the bibliography detailing the episode details and title (if necessary) in quotation marks.
• If there is no specific day or month for the date when the podcast was published, just use the year.
• For a podcast without a URL, e.g. accessed from an app, omit the URL from the reference.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} ‘Title of Episode (if necessary)’, Name of series, Radio Station of Broadcast, Day Month and Year of Original Broadcast, Time of broadcast (if necessary) <URL> [Date accessed].

⁷⁰ ‘Charlie Brooker’, Desert Island Discs, BBC Radio 4, 12 January 2018, 9:00am <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09kx840> [accessed 31 January 2018].

⁷¹ Today, BBC Radio 4, 29 January 2018, 6:00am <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/108B0705> [accessed 31 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Name of series, Radio Station of Broadcast, Day Month and Year of Original Broadcast, Time of broadcast (if necessary) <URL> [Date accessed].

Desert Island Discs, BBC Radio 4, 12 January 2018, 9:00am <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09kx840> [accessed 31 January 2018]

Today, BBC Radio 4, 29 January 2018, 6:00am <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/108B0705> [accessed 31 January 2018]

Notes

• If you refer to more than one episode of a series, each will need a separate entry in the bibliography detailing the episode details and title (if necessary) in quotation marks.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

Reference Work Entry – In print

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author of entry Forename, Surname, ‘Title of Entry’, in Name of reference work, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication), pages used.

⁸⁰ James Stevens Curl, ‘Viaduct’, in Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 819.

In the bibliography

Author of entry Surname, Forename, ‘Title of Entry’, in Name of reference work, ed. by Editor Forename Surname Series statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication).

Stevens Curl, James, Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)

Reference Work Entry – Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author of entry Forename, Surname, ‘Title of Entry’, in Name of reference work, ed. by Editor Forename Surname. Series statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page range (if available). Supplier/Platform/File ebook.

⁸¹ Michael Kennedy and Joyce Bourne Kennedy, ‘Grunge’, in The Oxford Dictionary of Music, ed. by Tim Rutherford-Johnson, 6th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). Oxford Reference Premium Collection ebook.

In the bibliography

Author of entry Surname, Forename, ‘Title of Entry’, in Name of reference work, ed. by Editor Forename Surname. Series statement/Edition Statement/Volume Statement (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page range (if available). Supplier/Platform/File ebook.

Kennedy, Michael, and Joyce Bourne Kennedy, ‘Grunge’, in The Oxford Dictionary of Music, ed. by Tim Rutherford-Johnson, 6th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Oxford Reference Premium Collection ebook

Reference Work Full – In print

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of reference work, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series/Edition/Volume statement (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication).

⁸² The New Grove Dictionary of American Music, ed. by H. Wiley Hitchcock and Stanley Sadie, 4 vols (London: Macmillan, 1986).

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of reference work, ed. by Editor Forename Surname(s), Series/Edition/Volume statement (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication)

Hitchcock, H. Wiley, and Stanley Sadie eds. The New Grove Dictionary of American Music 4 vols (London: Macmillan, 1986)

Reference Work Full – Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of reference work, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series/Edition/Volume statement (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication). Supplier/Platform/File ebook

⁸³ Michael Kennedy, and Joyce Bourne Kennedy, The Oxford Dictionary of Music, ed. by Tim Rutherford-Johnson, 6th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Oxford Reference Premium Collection ebook.

In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, Forename, Title of reference work, ed. by Editor Forename Surname, Series/Edition/Volume statement (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication) Supplier/Platform/File ebook

Kennedy, Michael and Joyce Bourne Kennedy, The Oxford Dictionary of Music, ed. by Tim Rutherford-Johnson, 6th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Oxford Reference Premium Collection ebook

Notes

• In the bibliography, list the first author by Surname, Forename. List other authors by Forename Surname.
• Some reference items will only have an editor. If this is the case, you would place the editor’s name(s) at the start of the reference before the title when citing in your bibliography.
• If the item is a translated item, you would place the name of the translator after the title and use the abbreviation trans.
• The author's name should be given as it appears on the title page.
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).
• If you are accessing an item online and the material is not paginated, then you would include the location of cited materials in rounded brackets after the date you accessed the materials. If the material had 16 paragraphs and the material you cited was on paragraph 2, you would write (para. 2 of 16).

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In print

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname OR Corporate Author, Title of report, Report number (if available) (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), pages used.

³³ United Nations Settlement Programme, Financing Urban Shelter: Global Report on Human Settlements 2005 (London: Earthscan, 2005) pp. 169-70.

In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, Forename, OR Corporate Author, Title of report, Report number (if available) (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), pages used.

United Nations Settlement Programme, Financing Urban Shelter: Global Report on Human Settlements 2005 (London: Earthscan, 2005) pp. 169-70

Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author/editor Forename Surname OR Corporate Author, Title of report, Report number (if available) (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), pages used (if available) <URL> [Date accessed] (Location of cited materials).

⁴⁰ National Trust, Impact Review 2017/18 (Wiltshire: National Trust, 2018), p.7 <https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/documents/impact-review-201718.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2018].

In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, Forename OR Corporate Author, Title of report, Report number (if available) (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), pages used (if available) <URL> [Date accessed] (Location of cited materials)

National Trust, Impact Review 2017/18 (Wiltshire: National Trust, 2018), p.7 <https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/documents/impact-review-201718.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2018]

Notes

• The author's name should be given as it appears on the title page.
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be omitted if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information.
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given, e.g. 2 vols
• Foreign items that are more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A report which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).
• If you are accessing an item online and the material is not paginated, then you would include the location of cited materials in rounded brackets after the date you accessed the materials. If the material had 16 paragraphs and the material you cited was on paragraph 2, you would write (para. 2 of 16).

For Sculpture see Art in a gallery, museum, or online.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname,‘Title of tweet/Facebook post’, (format, username, date).

⁵² Uni of Sheffield Library, ‘Got a library question? Check out our FAQs, pop into our sites or chat online! libraryhelp.shef.ac.uk’ (tweet, @UniSheffieldLib, 3 January 2018).

⁵³ Tim Peake, ‘A good day in the office today - spacewalk training with @Explornaut. Thanks to the amazing divers at @esa who keep us safe.’ (tweet, @astro_timpeake, 5 December 2017).

⁵⁴ The University of Sheffield, ‘Our campus, seen from St. George's Terrace. #shefunilife (Photo by ES KWON)’ (Facebook post, 6 January 2017).

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of tweet/Facebook post’ (format, username, date)

Peake, Tim, ‘A good day in the office today - spacewalk training with @Explornaut. Thanks to the amazing divers at @esa who keep us safe.’ (tweet, @astro_timpeake, 5 December 2017)

The University of Sheffield, ‘Our campus, seen from St. George's Terrace. #shefunilife (Photo by ES KWON)’ (Facebook post, 6 January 2017)

Uni of Sheffield Library, ‘Got a library question? Check out our FAQs, pop into our sites or chat online! libraryhelp.shef.ac.uk’ (tweet, @UniSheffieldLib, 3 January 2018)

Notes

No official guidance available for referencing social media in footnotes and the bibliography.

• You should keep the spelling and punctuation used in the social media post.
• Short social media postings should be given in full, normally up to 40 words.
• If a post is a retweet, make sure to find the original post rather than reference the retweet.
• Do not use shortened URLs from services such as bitly or tinyurl, even if quoted in a tweet, replace with the original URL.
• If the name of the creator is not available, you may use the screen name of the creator instead.
• Be careful when citing any personal communication that has taken place online. You will need the written consent of anyone who was involved in the communications that have taken place even if you were the recipient of the message, and you may not name the individuals in your work. This includes non-public postings such as:
• Direct messages
• Posts on someone's Facebook wall
• Posts to members only groups
• Online conversations

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For Tables see Images and Figures section.

For Television see Video sections.

In print

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of thesis’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Name of University, Year), pages used.

⁷² Iris E Ferrier, ‘A Comparative Study on Theme Positioned Poetic Devices in Effective School Essays in English and German’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011).

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename ‘Title of thesis’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Name of University, Year)

Ferrier, Iris E., ‘A Comparative Study on Theme Positioned Poetic Devices in Effective School Essays in English and German’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011)

Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of dissertation’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Name of University, Year) pages used, in Database of Name of Database <URL> [Date accessed].

⁷³ Zullhazmi Sayuti, ‘Montane South African Grasslands as a New Planting Design Form in Urban Greenspace’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013) p. 111, in Database of White Rose eThesis Online <http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/> [accessed 2 February 2018].

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename ‘Title of dissertation’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Name of University, Year) in Database of Name of Database <URL> [Date accessed]

Sayuti, Zullhamzi, ‘Montane South African Grasslands as a New Planting Design Form in Urban Greenspace’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013) in Database of White Rose eThesis Online <http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/> [accessed 2 February 2018]

Notes

• The US refer to doctoral dissertation and master's thesis whilst the UK refer to doctoral thesis and master's dissertation. You should refer to the works according to the country, for example if you are using a US doctoral dissertation, you would refer to it as doctoral dissertation in your work.
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when including a URL in your reference.
• If the electronic version is a stable document, i.e. a PDF, you will be able to refer to page numbers you have used in your work. If the item is not a stable document, but the item has numbered sections or numbered paragraphs, you will be able to use these to direct the reader to the information used in your work, e.g. para. 2 of 15 would refer to the second paragraph of 15. Do not infer line numbers if they are not provided as the browser may change the display of the document.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In Print

In the Footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of item, trans. by Translator Forename Surname (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), pages used.

⁷⁶ Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, trans. by. Louise Maude and Aylmer Maude, intro. by W. Gareth Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995; repr. 2008), p. 358.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of item, trans. by Translator Forename Surname (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication)

Tolstoy, Leo, Anna Karenina, trans. by Louise Maude and Aylmer Maude, intro. by W. Gareth Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995; repr. 2008)

Online

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of item, trans. by Translator Forename Surname (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), pages used. Supplier/Platform/file ebook.

⁷⁷ Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, trans. by. Louise Maude and Aylmer Maude, intro. by W. Gareth Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 385. VLeBooks ebook.

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of item, trans. by Translator Forename Surname (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication) Supplier/Platform/file ebook

Tolstoy, Leo, Anna Karenina, trans. by Louise Maude and Aylmer Maude, intro. by W. Gareth Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) VLeBooks ebook

Notes

• The author/editor/translator's name should be given as it appears on the title page.
• Translated by is abbreviated to trans. by
• Introduction by is abbreviated to intro. by
• The title should be given as it appears on the title page of the item.
• A colon should separate the title and subtitle, even if it is different to the grammar on the title page.
• A series statement needs to be included if the item is part of a numbered series. However, it may be left out if it is an unnumbered series and the title does not provide important information about the item.
• The edition of the item should be included in your footnote/reference if it is any edition other than the first, e.g. 2nd edn, rev. edn
• If the work is more than one volume, the number of volumes should be given in your footnote/reference, e.g. 2 vols
• Items which are not written in English and consist of more than one volume should use the abbreviation vol. (Note the full stop at the end).
• A book which has more than one place of publication, with a different publisher in each place, should have both places and publishers referred to in the reference, e.g. (Basel: Birkhäuser; Munich: Edition Detail).
• If the item is a reprint, you will need to acknowledge this in the publication details, this can be done in two ways:
• If the reprint is by the same publisher: (Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication; repr. Year of reprint)
• If the item is printed by a different publisher: Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication; repr. Place of publication for reprint: Publisher of reprint, Year of reprint)

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For transliteration of items see Citing and referencing foreign language materials in Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography

For Twitter see Social Media.

Episode of a TV Programme

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} ‘Title of Episode’, Title of TV Series, Channel of Broadcast, Day Month Year of broadcast, time of broadcast <Full URL> [Date accessed].

⁵⁵ ‘Bernie Clifton’s Dressing Room’, Inside No. 9, BBC2, 9 January 2018, 10.00pm <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/106A1D6B> [accessed 10 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Title of TV series, Channel of Broadcast, Day Month Year of broadcast, time of broadcast <Full URL> [Date accessed]

Inside No. 9, BBC2, 9 January 2018, 10.00pm <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/106A1D6B> [accessed 10 January 2018]

TV Programme

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Title of programme, Channel of Broadcast, Day Month Year of broadcast, time of broadcast <Full URL> [Date accessed].

⁵⁶ Newsnight, BBC2, 4 January 2018, 10:30pm <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/105C0FEA> [accessed 10 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Title of programme, Channel of Broadcast, Day Month Year of broadcast, time of broadcast <Full URL> [Date accessed]

Newsnight, BBC2, 4 January 2018, 10:30pm, <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/105C0FEA> [accessed 10 January 2018]

Notes

• If you are referencing more than one episode from a television series, you will need to include the full details in the bibliography of all the episodes which are referenced in the footnotes .

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

Film/Motion Picture

In the footnotes

^{Footnote number} Title of film/motion picture, Directed by Forename Surname (Distributor, date).

⁵⁷ Star Wars: The Last Jedi, dir. by. Rian Johnson (Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2017).

In the bibliography

Director Surname, Forename, dir., Title of film/motion picture (Distributor, date)

Johnson, Rian, dir., Star Wars: The Last Jedi (Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2017)

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

Film/Motion Picture

In the footnotes

^{Footnote number} Title of film, Director Forename Surname (Distributor, Year) [on DVD or on Blu-Ray].

⁵⁸ Hamlet, dir. by Kenneth Branagh (Sony Pictures Entertainment, 1996) [on DVD].

⁵⁹ The Martian, dir. by Ridley Scott (20th Century Fox, 2015) [on Blu-Ray].

In the bibliography

Director Surname, Forename, dir., Title of film (Distributor, Year) [on DVD or on Blu-Ray]

Branagh, Kenneth, dir., Hamlet (Sony Pictures Entertainment, 1996) [on DVD]

Scott, Ridley, dir., The Martian (20th Century Fox, 2015) [on Blu-Ray]

TV programme

In the footnotes

^{Footnote number} ‘Title of Episode’, Name of series (Distribution Company, Year) [on DVD or on Blu-Ray].

⁶⁰ ‘The Door’, Game of Thrones: The Complete Sixth Series (Warner Home Video/HBO, 2016) [on Blu-Ray].

In the bibliography

Name of Series (Distributor, Year) [on DVD or on Blu-Ray]

Game of Thrones: The Complete Sixth Series (Warner Home Video/HBO, 2016) [on Blu-Ray]

Notes

• If you are referencing more than one episode from a television series, you will need to include the full details in the bibliography of all the episodes which are referenced in the footnotes.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, Title of video, Type of source, Title of website, Date of publication, <URL> [Date accessed].

⁶¹ The University of Sheffield, The Arts Tower Paternoster, online video recording, YouTube, 21 December 2017, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYbyaj4G9FM> [accessed 15 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, Title of video, Type of Source, Title of website, Date of publication, <URL> [Date Accessed]

The University of Sheffield, The Arts Tower Paternoster, online video recording, YouTube, 21 December 2017, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYbyaj4G9FM> [accessed 15 January 2018]

Notes

• If the name of the creator is not available, you can use the screen name.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

Note

If you have used a streaming service such as iPlayer to view something recently broadcast on television, use the example given for Video - Database (e.g. Box of Broadcasts). If you are using the streaming service to watch a box set and it has no date of broadcast (such as Television programmes available on 4OD marketed as Box Sets where all episodes are available without a date of broadcast) follow the examples below.

Film/Motion picture

In the footnotes

^{Footnote number} Title of film, Director Forename Surname (Distributor, Year) <Full URL> [Date accessed].

⁶² La La Land, dir. by Damien Chazelle (Lionsgate, 2016) <https://www.netflix.com/watch/80095365> [accessed 11 January 2018].

⁶³ A Hard Day's Night, dir. by Alun Owen (United Artists Corporation, 1964) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b0074q9m/a-hard-days-night> [Accessed 11 January 2017].

In the bibliography

Director Surname, Forename, dir., Title of film (Distributor, Year) <Full URL> [Date accessed]

Chazelle, Damien, dir., La La Land (Lionsgate, 2016) <https://www.netflix.com/watch/80095365> [accessed 11 January 2018]

Owen, Alun, dir., A Hard Day's Night (United Artists Corporation, 1964) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b0074q9m/a-hard-days-night> [accessed 11 January 2018]

Episode of a TV Programme

In the footnotes

^{Footnote number} ‘Title of Episode’, Name of series (Distribution Company, Year) <Full URL> [Date accessed].

⁶⁴ ‘Chapter Six: The Spy’, Stranger Things 2 (Netflix, 2017) <https://www.netflix.com/title/80057281> [accessed 27 October 2017].

⁶⁵ ‘The Red Door’, The IT Crowd (Channel 4 Television Corporation, 2006) <http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-it-crowd/on-demand/35925-004> [accessed 12 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Name of Series (Distributor, Year) <Full URL> [Date accessed]

Stranger Things 2 (Netflix, 2017) <https://www.netflix.com/title/80057281> [accessed 27 October 2017]

The IT Crowd (Channel 4 Television Corporation, 2006) <http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-it-crowd/on-demand/35925-004> [accessed 12 January 2018]

TV Programme

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Name of TV programme (Distribution Company, Year) <Full URL> [Date accessed].

⁶⁶ Anjelica Huston on James Joyce: A Shout in the Street (BBC; Arte; RTE, 2017) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b09mb966/anjelica-huston-on-james-joyce-a-shout-in-the-street> [accessed 22 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Name of TV programme (Distribution Company, Year) <Full URL> [Date accessed]

Anjelica Huston on James Joyce: A Shout in the Street (BBC; Arte; RTE, 2017) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b09mb966/anjelica-huston-on-james-joyce-a-shout-in-the-street> [accessed 22 January 2018]

Notes

• If you are referencing more than one episode from a television series, you will need to include the full details in the bibliography of all the episodes which are referenced in the footnotes.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Developer or Designer Forename Surname, Title of video game (Year), Platform.

¹⁹ Mojang Studios, Minecraft Dungeons (2021), Xbox.

In the bibliography

Developer or Designer Surname, Forename, Title of video game (Year), Platform

Mojang Studios, Minecraft Dungeons (2021), Xbox

Notes

• If the specific name(s) of the designer(s) are not identifiable, use the name of the company that developed/designed the game.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For Vinyl Record see Music - Album or Music - Album Track.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author Forename Surname, ‘Title of page’, Name of website, Year <URL> [Date accessed].

⁶⁷ Met Office, ‘Urban Climate Impacts’, Met Office, 2014 <https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-impacts/urban> [accessed 22 January 2018].

⁶⁸ Michael Rosen, ‘Michael Rosen Biography’, Michael Rosen, [n.d.] <http://www.michaelrosen.co.uk/for-adults-biography/> [accessed 22 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Author Surname, Forename, ‘Title of page’, Name of website, Year <URL> [Date accessed]

Met Office, ‘Urban Climate Impacts’, Met Office, 2014 <https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-impacts/urban> [accessed 22 January 2018]

Rosen, Michael, ‘Michael Rosen Biography’, Michael Rosen, [n.d.] <http://www.michaelrosen.co.uk/for-adults-biography/> [accessed 22 January 2018]

Notes

No official guidance available for referencing a web page

• The MHRA Style Guide recommends that you look for the shortest form of a URL without long query strings, which is normally a question mark (?) followed by many numbers and letters.
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.
• Sometimes the author of a web page will be a corporate author, place the name of the corporation in the place of author Forename Surname. The corporation name will be used to determine the place in the bibliography.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

In the footnotes

^{Footnote Number} Author of website Forename Surname, Name of website, Year <URL> [Date accessed].

⁶⁹ Poetry Archive, The Poetry Archive, 2016 <https://www.poetryarchive.org/> [accessed 22 January 2018].

In the bibliography

Author of website Forename Surname, Name of website, Year <URL> [Date accessed]

Poetry Archive, The Poetry Archive, 2016 <https://www.poetryarchive.org/> [accessed 22 January 2018]

Notes

No official guidance for referencing a website

• The MHRA Style Guide recommends that you look for the shortest form of a URL without long query strings, which is normally a question mark (?) followed by many numbers and letters.
• Do not use URL shorteners such as bitly, tinyurl, etc. when quoting the URL in a reference.
• Sometimes the author of a web page will be a corporate author, place the name of the corporation in the place of author Forename Surname. The corporation name will be used to determine the place in the bibliography.

For more information about footnotes, referencing multiple authors, and creating a bibliography, see Citing in the text, footnotes and bibliography and click on the relevant section.

For YouTube see Video - Sharing website.